Teropitka Business and Finance

Archive for the ‘Forex’ Category

Sweden became the superpower in the 17th century. Swedish economy is driven by three commodities: copper, iron, and tar, but copper is the most influential factor. Most of the mining products are exported to overseas copper, copper Sweden even play an important role in the European market at that time. Shares of mining companies in Sweden became the target of the capitalists. 1616, King Gustav II Adolf passed legislation that limits the number of shares outstanding to 1,200 pieces and the number of share ownership to 75 people. In 1619, the first mining company established by private parties, but the kingdom continued to play an important role even if its ownership in mining companies has been reduced. In the 18th century, the prestige of copper began to fade. Copper mining companies began to switch on exploring and acquiring iron ore mining companies and steel processing.

1862, all mining companies and mines that are managed by individuals joined together to form a private company, Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag. It also marked the end of party influence in the kingdom of mining companies and the dissolution of the Ministry of Mines. In 1888, Stora Kopparberg be Aktiebolag (limited company owned by the public), each sheet of the whole number of shares convertible into 1,200 pieces of each into 8 shares worth 1000 Swedish crowns. This makes the value of the company to 9.6 million Swedish crowns.

Shares of World’s First Document

Exploitation of copper in Falun, Sweden carried out since the 850′s by and copper mine began operating since 1080 which is managed by local residents. The first written document that describes the mine known as a Deed of Exchange dated June 16, 1288. This document is endorsed by the King of Sweden, Magnus Biggerson. Archbishop of Uppsala and three other bishops. Described in this document result from the mining division eighth kepada Peter, a bishop from VA sterà ¤ ¥ s. At that time the management and administration of the mine is no longer done partially by local residents, but conducted by an organization that is well-organized. The organization is mostly made ​​up of the Swedish nobleman and merchants from abroad, especially the merchants of La ¼ beck, northern Germany who invested heavily in the establishment of these mines.

Another document that can describe the conditions at that time was a Charter of Privileges issued by King Magnus Eriksson in 1347 which set about mining operations in Falun. King Magnus Eriksson of miners who formed the organization known as the “Bergsma ¤ nnen” which means man of the mountain. The king then appointed fourteen people from the workers to sit in the Council of Mining and two of them appointed Minister for Mines. The task of the Minister for Mines and Mining Board is to ensure that mines continue to operate in accordance with the law.

Every few years the government conduct an auction for the collection of taxes in the colonies within the period specified, winner of the auction is the one who can deliver the highest bid of tax can be collected from the area. Tax payments to the government at the end of the grace period is specified, the nominal filed at the time of bidding. The publicans who do the collection of taxes will get a commission from the tax. In addition any excess obtained from the collection of taxes will be counted as a benefit, otherwise if tax collection is smaller than the amount due to them have to cover the shortage.

Such a system clearly provides a greater risk to the publicans. The publicans therefore dominated by the capitalists who have the capital. In addition, they often form a partnership in the conduct of tax collection so that the risk borne by each person becomes smaller. Cooperation agreement is called “socii” for cooperation that involves many parties, and “particulae” for cooperation that involves a little party. The publicans role gradually diminished after the Roman Empire stopped expanding and fix the bureaucratic system of government.

Shares were actually what the heck? Say two grocery stores from small to large businesses want to create a unit called the company. Well the fact is both the store must include a paid-up capital, process it, making the certificate of incorporation or PT. Paid-up capital will be converted into letters Â-called letter of participation. So the capital in the form of money was converted into equity letters. The letter was referred to the stock investments.

The basic idea of the division of the capital stock is required to run a business. Starting a business from scratch is not easy, there are risks that must be borne by the owners of capital in business. With a share capital, in principle, the owners of capital are also sharing the risk so that risk is borne by each owner of capital is reduced proportionately. The owner of capital would include a larger capital to bear greater risks, as the compensation he will receive the benefit with a larger proportion than any other capital owners. In order to count the proportion is valid, the consent document sheets made ​​to strengthen the rights of the owners of capital, which is now known as sheet stock.

Survey ING ING Securities Investor Survey estimates dashboard investor sentiment in the Indonesian capital market will increase in the next three months.

Indonesia is expected to remain investors choose to save their funds in cash and deposits, gold and housing.

“Indonesia considers Investors, an ongoing latter has no impact on their investment decisions,” said Chief Economist ING Asia, Tim Condon in Jakarta, Friday, October 22, 2010.

Tim added, as much as 57 percent of investors think the rate will remain stable in the next quarter. “The interest risk is getting better,” he said.

The view of the high-risk investment. The interest shown by 52 percent of investors. While investor interest in emerging markets of Southeast Asia as much as 54 percent and Indonesia by 40 percent.

The interest is driven U.S. government policies that will reduce the country’s monetary conditions. “If the government of the United States has not succeeded in reducing the monetary konsisi, the United States at risk following the Japan scenario,” said Tim.

Central Bank of the United States will introduce quantitative easing in order to reduce the risk of double-dip recession. This policy responds to heavy fund inflows and currency appreciation will be determinant in the performance of financial markets and investor sentiment.

Some investors also hope that Indonesia, the United States dollar value will be added value compared to other currencies and the renminbi will also value-added compared to the U.S. dollar in the next three months.

The idea of ​​sharing equity participation and profit sharing has been known since long. We can trace the history of the stock until the time of the Roman Empire. At times, the Roman government contracting services to a group of private entrepreneurs called the publicans. The publicans were the general contractors who act as providers of services required by the government, such as taking care of military supplies and logistics, managing an area or port taxes, and construction of public facilities construction projects.

The system is applicable in determining the project to The Pulican is tender system, with which the publicans offering price to the government. An example is the management of taxes. Roman Empire territory stretching from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. At that time the government focused on the extension and strengthening of military colonies, but the shortage of human resources to collect taxes on such a large area, therefore the tax collection handed over to private parties.